Key responses Design considerations 1- Individual site analysis and location within the region will determine whether heating or cooling is the predominant need (see Choosing a site). 2- Reducing heat gain though appropriate use of windows and glazing (size, location and type) is a critical design consideration (see Glazing). 3- Cooling comfort is simply achieved with adequate cross-ventilation and minimising solar and ambient heat gains with shading and insulation (see Passive cooling). 4- Passive solar heating is essential and simply achieved where solar access is available (see Passive solar heating). 5- Minimise external wall areas (especially east and west-facing). 6- Use convective ventilation and heat circulation. 7- Use appropriate glass to mass ratios, as outlined in Thermal mass. 8- Lower thermal mass requirements allow for low embodied energy solutions. 9- Sites with solar access require north-facing living areas with majority of glazing. 10- Where solar access is unavailable, lightweight solutions that respond quickly and efficiently to minimal, carbon-efficient auxiliary heating are available alternative. 11- Roof spaces create a thermal buffer zone to summer heat gain (ventilated) and winter heat loss (sealed). Use thermostat controlled fans or closable ventilators. The focus of the design is heat gain for winter and controlling heat loss. 12- Heat gain Moderate thermal mass with windows facing north to capture winter sun (see the following information on direct and indirect passive heating). Reflective foil in ceiling to reduce heat gain in summer. 13- Reducing heat loss Double glazing and reduced amounts of glazing especially east, west, and southern sides; high levels of bulk insulation; compact shape and well-sealed building with controlled ventilation.
Ventilation inspiration
Shark Anatomy Gills: As water passes over the gills, oxygen is absorbed into tiny blood vessels and transported around the body.
Human anatomy Rib